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Programming the Universe: A Quantum Computer Scientist Takes on the Cosmos, by Seth Lloyd
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Is the universe actually a giant quantum computer? According to Seth Lloyd, the answer is yes.
All interactions between particles in the universe, Lloyd explains, convey not only energy but also information–in other words, particles not only collide, they compute. What is the entire universe computing, ultimately? “Its own dynamical evolution,” he says. “As the computation proceeds, reality unfolds.” Programming the Universe, a wonderfully accessible book, presents an original and compelling vision of reality, revealing our world in an entirely new light.
From the Trade Paperback edition.
- Sales Rank: #652418 in eBooks
- Published on: 2006-03-14
- Released on: 2006-03-14
- Format: Kindle eBook
From Publishers Weekly
Lloyd, a professor at MIT, works in the vanguard of research in quantum computing: using the quantum mechanical properties of atoms as a computer. He contends that the universe itself is one big quantum computer producing what we see around us, and ourselves, as it runs a cosmic program. According to Lloyd, once we understand the laws of physics completely, we will be able to use small-scale quantum computing to understand the universe completely as well. In his scenario, the universe is processing information. The second law of thermodynamics (disorder increases) is all about information, and Lloyd spends much of the book explaining how quantum processes convey information. The creation of the universe itself involved information processing: random fluctuations in the quantum foam, like a random number generator in a computer program, produced higher-density areas, then matter, stars, galaxies and life. Lloyd's hypothesis bears important implications for the red-hot evolution–versus–intelligent design debate, since he argues that divine intervention isn't necessary to produce complexity and life. Unfortunately, he rushes through what should be the climax of his argument. Nevertheless, Lloyd throws out many fascinating ideas. (For another take on information theory, see Decoding the Universe on p.53.) 12 b&w illus.
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
From Booklist
*Starred Review* Lloyd's specialty in physics is the hot topic of quantum information. And his book may do for quantum information what Brian Greene did for strings (The Elegant Universe, 1999) and Stephen Hawking did for spacetime (A Brief History of Time, 1988): popularize a far-out scientific frontier. Will Lloyd's listeners have the same head-scratching reactions as his MIT students do on their first encounter with the idea that information is a quantifiable physical value, as much as mass or motion? Or with the proposition that any physical system--a river, you, the universe--is a quantum mechanical computer? Not if they've read his book, which offers brilliantly clarifying explanations of the "bit," the smallest unit of information; how bits change their state; and how changes-of-state can be registered on atoms via quantum-mechanical qualities such as "spin" and "superposition." Putting readers in the know about quantum computation, Lloyd then informs them that it may well be the answer to physicists' search for a unified theory of everything. Exploring big questions in accessible, comprehensive fashion, Lloyd's work is of vital importance to the general-science audience. Gilbert Taylor
Copyright © American Library Association. All rights reserved
Review
“Lloyd is one of the gurus of quantum and information theory, and in this accessible book he presents an insightful new perspective on the cosmos.”—Sir Martin Rees, University of Cambridge“What an astonishing book! Lloyd is at the forefront of a revolution.” —Kevin Kelly, Editor-at-Large, Wired“Lloyd thinks he has found a new way to explain one of the most basic questions in science: Why is the world so complex? . . . Fascinating and profoundly comforting. . . . Seth Lloyd certainly gives his readers a lot of bang for their buck.”—The New York Times Book Review"Renowned for his innovative conflation of pure physics and computation, Lloyd is well positioned to hack his way into space-time and come back with answers." —Seed
From the Trade Paperback edition.
Most helpful customer reviews
2 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Caught in the middle - too simplistic if you know, too complicated if you don't
By Franz K.
I am not a physicist or mathemetician, but I take a great interest in information theory, infophysics, quantum computing etc. There are several books on the subject - some distiliations by journalist/authors, others are books for the layperson written by authorities (Lloyd, Deutsch)
This book takes a more physics-oriented apporach to the issue of universal quantum computing, and omits a fair amount of detail about computation itself. This book is not for peer consumption, but rather for the general public. It is an idea to which I subscribe, given what little I know.
If you want more details, read Deutsch, or various websites on quantum computing ([...] This is a vast, technical area of science that cuts across almost all disciplines. The implications of a working quantum computer are staggering, as are its implications with respect to time and time travel.
My only gripe with this book is Lloyd's own self promotion and friendly attempts to poke holes in Deutsch's ideas of the multi-verse. I am not interested in academic ego contests - save them for the conferences. State your case, offer some unamed alternatives, and write up a good bibliography. Thats all I ask!
8 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
Complexity from random programs
By David J. Kreiter
The universe we observe did not come about by a grand designer, or by purely random classical events according to Seth Lloyd. Rather, the complexity we see in the universe is a result of random programs run on the largest computer imaginable--the universe itself.
All physcial interactions of matter and energy produce information, and the universe, just like the computer sitting on your desk, uses simple Boolean logistical operations such as "NOT", "AND","OR",and "COPY". For example the spin of an atomic particle can be represented by a single bit "0" for the "up" spin and "1" for the "down" spin. An interaction with an electromagnetic field can "flip" these spins from a "0" to a "1" and visa verse, just as a "NOT" operation would do on any universal computer.
Likewise, an atom's absorption of a certain frequency of light whose electron resides in the lowest energy state represented by a "0" bit can jump to a higher energy state represented by a "1" bit. That process can be reversed when an atom emits a photon and returns to the ground state. The universe is constantly computing and the programs it uses are the laws of nature. Designs in nature which are the most common are designs created by the simplest, most probable random programs.
Information always has a physical representation and like energy it is conserved. Although information never diminishes and adheres to the laws of thermodynamics, quantum theory, and Relativity, information can be created from nothing. For example, when a measurement is performed to determine the dynamic attribute of polarization for a photon of light, information simply materializes.
This helps explain many of the perplexities posed by quantum measurement problems, such as the "spooky action at a distance" that so bothered Albert Einstein in his famous refutation of quantum theory called the ERR experiment. Specifically, he wondered how the measurement of one particle could instantaneously affect its entangled partner half-way across the universe in an apparent violation of causality. Seth Lloyd says that Einstein can rest easy, because there is no observable instantaneous effect from one particle to the next in violation of Relativity. Rather, a quantum bit called the "qubit", residing in a superposition of states ( a "0" and "1" simultaneously) shares a single bit of information. Neither pariticle has any polarization before the measurement. After a measurement or observation, decoherence occcurs and the superposition of states collapes into a single classical bit, resulting in information about the both particles.
Information theory is so fundamental that it could encompass the so called Theory of Everything that physicists have sought for the last century. Lloyd explains that there is a possibility that information theory can unite gravity with both Relativity, and quantum theory. This woud be the final piece of the puzzle.
"Programming the Universe" was a wonderful compliment to Jeffrey Satinover's book, "The Quantum Brain", and Charles Seife's book, "Decoding the Universe". It has become apparent from reading these books that information is the most basic building block of reality, and that the universe evolved its complexity from the bottom up.
This book review by David Kreiter, author of "Quantum Realty: A New Philosophical Perspective"
3 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
Another paradigm about the universe
By Jaume Puigbo Vila
What would you think of a professor who starts his course this way: " First you ask questions and I'll try to answer them. Second, if you don't ask questions, I'll ask you questions. Third, if you don't answer my questions, I'll tell you something I think you ought to know. Any questions? " And then, when there are no questions, he throws in his own: "What is information?".
Well, this is, apparently, the style of professor Seth Lloyd and I would certainly enjoy to be in his class and , by the way, his question stimulated my brain , so my answer would be: "Information implies some kind of `language', the elements of language being the signs, the syntactic rules and the interpretation (the meaning). Information normally goes from an emitter to a receiver through some channel. Information can also be processed and stored."
So what is this book about? Well, the standard paradigm of the universe is mechanistic and energy is the most important quantity. Lloyd advocates a new complementary paradigm: the universe is a machine that computes and the two primary quantities are energy and information. A phrase summarizes the main idea of the book: "It from bit "or , rather, "It from qubit". The new paradigm solves the problem of the natural emergency of complexity (although Darwin already partly tackled this problem) and does away the need of the God Watchmaker. It all starts from nothing, quantum mechanics provides the random fluctuations and the computer gets self started (according to Lloyd, "Quantum mechanics, unlike classical mechanics, can create information out of nothing"). Yes, there is a new version of the famous story about monkeys (unsuccessfully) trying to type Hamlet or other Shakespeare works with typewriters (by the way, a simulation has only managed to type the first 24 letters of Henry IV, Part 2 after trillions and trillions of monkey-years). The new version is to use computers instead of typewriters and interpret the output as computer programs in one of the standard languages. Yes, there are relatively short programs that produce astounding outputs.
So the book, to explain all this starts to talk about computers in one of the most concise and clear ways I have ever seen . It goes on to describe the universe as a computer, one that computes itself, that is, its dynamical evolution. But since the universe is a quantum computer, quantum mechanics needs to be discussed, in particular the beautiful double slit experiment (an excellent video can be seen at [...] ) and other weird aspects of QM such as entanglement, spooky action at distance, the different interpretations of QM, etc. Well the lay reader will find some difficulties in these chapters about quantum mechanics and quantum computers, but the effort is worthwhile. Quantum computers pose a threat to Internet security, because using Schor's algorithm, a quantum computer could easily factorize 400 digit numbers. However, the technical difficulties in building but the most elementary quantum computers (to insulate them to avoid decoherence) make this threat still a chimera (only a number such as 15 has been factorized by a quantum computer). However, quantum computers have done simulations that no classical computer could achieve.
On the side, you will get some philosophical, physical and mathematical servings. For example, the relation of Gödel's theorem , or the related Turing's halting problem, to free will. "Rationality combines with self-reference to make our actions intrinsically paradoxical and uncertain", claims Lloyd. You will also learn about a fourth road to quantum gravity via quantum computation and some notions of the complexity theory of Chaitin and Bennett.
To sum up, a good book, with some easy chapters and some more difficult ones.
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